We Googled You free essay sample

The breeze was yelling and persevering as Fred Westen opened the entryway and considered upstairs to tell his significant other that he was home. While he paused or her to descend, he presented himself with a fix of bourbon, inclining the decanter with his left hand. In his correct he got a handle on the morning’s Wall Street Journal. The CEO of the extravagance clothing retailer Hathaway Jones needed to hear his wife’s response to a story. Martha Westen strolled languorously down the steps. She went to the kitchen, presented herself with some tea, walked around the lounge room, and settled in her preferred seat by the ?re. Fred gave her the paper and guided her focus toward the first page. There she found an article about how a back up plan had dismissed a woman’s guarantee for handicap in light of constant ack torment, in view of data the organization had gotten from her psychologist’s notes. We will compose a custom paper test on We Googled You or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Martha shook her head. â€Å"It deteriorates each day,† she shivered as she imagined a future in which everyone’s clinical records were posted on the web. â€Å"Even our contemplations aren’t private any longer. † At 58, Martha didn’t profess to be a specialist on shared online substance or whatever else to do with the Internet. All her data was constrained to what she read in the famous press. Which was only enough to keep her up around evening time. â€Å"It’s what I continue letting you know, Fred. There are no privileged insights now, and we’re simply going to have o figure out how to live with that. † Martha fell quiet, gazing irritably at the ?ickering ? re. Fred was nearly soothed when the phone rang. He hopped up to snatch the collector. At the opposite stopping point was John Brewster, Fred’s old flat mate at Andover and now a stringer for various U. S. papers in Shanghai. In spite of the fact that the two had not remained nearby after private academy, they despite everything traded Christmas letters and called each other at times. The men put in almost no time getting HBR’s cases, which are ? ctional, present basic administrative quandaries and offer solid arrangements from specialists. arvard business survey †¢ june 2007 page 1 W e Googled You †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ †¢H BR C A SE S T UDY up and afterward John facilitated the discussion around to his girl, Mimi. Presently in San Francisco, Mimi had heard that Fred intended to grow the Philadelphiabased Hathaway Jones into China, and she needed to be a piece of the move. All business now, she got her pack, her BlackBerry, and her keys and headed out to get the ? ight to Philadelphia. Bullish on a China Shop Fred left the house at 5:30 AM each day for his of? ce at 1 Constitution Road. He had a great deal of work to do, and there was not a second to squander. In spite of deals of $5 billion of every 2006, Hathaway Jones had run into some bad luck. Four years back, the exclusive U. S. retail chain had enrolled Fred in view of his monumental certifications and a lifetime’s experience of working with extravagance marks and had accused him of awakening the company’s lethargic, onservative stores. It hadn’t been simple.

Media Literacy and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Literacy and Ethics - Essay Example Media Literacy is a subject that is picking up pertinence in the Information Age that we possess today. This is on the grounds that an aloof processing of news content that is offered on a platter is probably not going to prompt a solid comprehension of that content. This is particularly obvious in the profoundly privatized and popularized condition of today, where much corporate and political publicity gets passed on as target news. Consequently, there is no uncertainty concerning the significance of Media Literacy to the overall population. However, it is just a small amount of the populace that could profess to have a basic comprehension of how various mechanisms of data work. (Pavlik and McIntosh, 2011) The remainder of this exposition will attack into what all include Media Literacy and furthermore break down how media proficient the writer of this article is. Initially, media proficiency looks to address the expansion of new education rehearses â€Å"in an inexorably portable, worldwide, advanced world. Extensively undifferentiated from print literacy,â media literacyâ promotes the investigation (perusing) and creation (composing) of writings in an assortment of structures. Practically speaking, clashing suspicions about the definitions, practices, and effect ofâ media proficiency are at the core of disagreeable discussions about its crucial points, purposes, and worth. Subsequently, asâ media education elevates more noteworthy access to a more extensive scope of instruments and messages, it is progressively buried in age-old discussions about the employments of proficiency to edge, shape, and control open talk. All the while, it addresses the connections betweenâ media proficiency, social accounts, and the arts.† (Tyner, 2009, p.3) One of the key highlights of Media Literacy is the development of techniques for a logical examination of media content. In this sense, Media proficiency can be said to offer the residents a scope of basic ways to deal with gain understanding into the idea of media content. Those considering the media ought to comprehend that it is only the errand person of data with no innate good character. What learns the worth is the rundown of credits appended to it, including â€Å"who is creating the message, what the capacity is, and the objective audience.† (Silverblatt, 2007, p.4) Several scholastics in the field of Media Studies have characterized Media Literacy in different various manners. Some case that a far reaching comprehension of how news and program content is delivered, including choice, version and introduction are basic. On account of news media, for instance, without a total comprehension of these behind-the-scene forms, the crowd/peruser would not be in a situation to fundamentally assess the nature of news coverage. A portion of the models for estimating nature of news coverage are objectivity, article nonpartisanship, standard of introduction and detail. It is just a Media Li terate individual who might have the option to assess how the medium he/she is utilizing is performing on these tallies. Such an assessment will support him/her in choosing to proceed with the medium or switch over to another medium or effectively draw in with its directors so as to improve its general principles. (Pavlik and McIntosh, 2011) It used to be the situation when the term Media Literacy was utilized altogether with regards to print media. In any case, since the time the innovation of the Internet and other computerized advancements the techniques for data transmission have changed enormously. In this way, where Media Literacy recently implied the capacity to â€Å"decode, comprehend and impart in print†

Environmental Pollution Essay

Natural contamination is probably the most concerning issue the world faces today. It is an issue that inconveniences us financially, genuinely and ordinarily of our lives. The pollution of nature is additionally being connected to a portion of the infections that are around right now. However, the vast majority don't think about this issue. This shows ecological contamination is turning into an undeniably more terrible issue that should be dealt with as quickly as time permits, to benefit the earth as well as for the individuals that live in it. Numerous components are available for why natural contamination has become such an enormous issue on the planet. Be that as it may, if the individuals of the world were to address the issue it would help both nature and it’s individuals. There are numerous exercises that should be possible by both the basic resident to the legislatures of the world, which could severally improve the world’s ecological issue. Then again, if the present way the world’s natural issue is being dealt with proceeds, disastrous outcomes can follow for the future populace. Throughout the years, natural contamination has gotten to a greater degree an issue for various reasons. â€Å"Due to the extraordinary increment in the world’s populace, which is at 6.1 billion, vitality use, and the quantity of vehicles on streets make air contamination a more prominent risk than at any other time  (Pollution, Environmental). Along these lines, â€Å"air contamination murders 8,000 individuals per year because of respiratory related issues  (Air Pollution Kills). â€Å"Also, 40% of the world’s passings are being ascribed to natural variables  (Segelken). With such various individuals passing on a year because of air contamination one can perceive how much the natural contamination is influencing us. This problem is just exacerbated because of the present methods for arranging atomic waste. â€Å"Until 1993, Russia would fall back on the dumping of its high and low level radioactive waste by dumping it into the Arctic oceans and some other low-level waste into the Seas of Japan  (Nitze). â€Å"Radiation from atomic waste is known to cause a progression of responses in body tissue that outcomes in harm to the bodies cells  (Daley). This can cause malady, for example, malignant growth, injury, or demise. The consequences for the human body exacerbate things for the individuals of the world. In any case, a much increasingly normal risk is the utilization of incinerators and landfills, for the diminishing and removal of waste. Utilizing incinerators to diminish the volume of waste causes air contamination as well as producesâ toxic debris that must be discarded in exceptionally made landfills. Landfills themselves can contaminate groundwater after overwhelming precipitation, which would then be flushed by the encompassing populace.

An act of Punishing The Death Penalty and Criminology - 1375 Words

An act of Punishing: The Death Penalty and Criminology (Research Paper Sample) Content: Death penalty and criminologyNameInstitutionDateDeterrence in criminology is an act of punishing an individual for committing a criminal offence so that to create fear among the public. This fear in the general public reduces the chances that one of them will commit the same crime. The death penalty is a proper form of deterrence that can be used to reduce capital crimes and provide justice to the guilty and the innocents. Every rational human being or even an animal has fear for death. With the knowledge that certain actions will automatically subject them to a death penalty, they would avoid such actions (Nagin Pepper, 2012).A death penalty is the maximum form of punishment for certain criminal offences and is one of the long serving methods for crime prevention. It is the responsibility of the government of any country to protect its citizens from criminal threats. The death penalty is hence a crucial part of deterring those wishing to commit crimes and getting ri d of those who have already committed the crimes from the society. It has thus impacted so much in reducing cases of capital crimes in many of the countries that uphold this as the maximum capital punishment for a crime.(Hood Hoyle, 2014).Many countries have been able to reduce crime rates in their societies by reducing the number of criminals. It has only been ideal through the imposition of the death penalty in such related crimes. Death being one of the most feared sanctions by people makes it the best weapon to fight crime because no person will want to be a subject of the death penalty. The fear of death by people positively reduces crime by making them adhere to the laws of the land. Execution of criminals creates fear among the people making them avoid actions that are criminal and may lead to death penalty. Capital punishment also reduced the number of crimes in the society and comprehensively reduced crime by directly eliminating them those who have committed the crime.Ano ther deterrent effect of the death penalty on crime is that it helps to prevent the repetition of criminal offences by previously convicted criminals. That is it ensures the safety of the societies by totally getting rid of the guilty in the crime. If life imprisonment was the maximum penalty for criminal offences, then any prisoner in jail had no reason at all not to commit another crime while at the prison. The death penalty becomes a more fruitful and efficient way to prohibit criminals who have already been convicted to repeat or do any other offence that might lead to further punitive action worse death penalty( Manski Pepper, 2013) Adopting capital punishment to dangerous criminals ensures that they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t kill again. The reason being our societies have had several high profile murders who committed crimes after being released from prison for similar offences. Prime examples are the cases of death in Texas in 1966 by Allen McDuff. He was guilty of murdering his girlf riend Edna Louis aged 16, Mark Dunman aged 16 and Robert Brand of 18 years. He was found guilty of the crimes and the court handed him a life imprisonment that by then was serving a minimum of ten years before being paroled. In 1989, he was then discharged and within the first three days of release he had begun killing. He killed Brenda Thompson, Regenia Moore, Sarafina Parker, Melisa Northrup, Colleen Reed and Valencia Joshua. If McDuff initially recieved a death sentence, six lives would have been saved, and the anguish and pain of many families would have been avoided. After his second arrest changes in the law in Texas were experienced this allowed death penalties for certain crimes.The death penalty also brings justice to the innocent and the criminals at large. Justice can only be attained by directly linking the guilty individual with the crime committed by entirely providing evidence that proves the true identity of the person involved in a crime. The use of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) testing to confirm the guilt or innocence of individuals on death row is one of the many ways that will ensure that the innocent do not face execution. DNA is a unique molecule in a person's body cell that is different from different individuals except in the cases of identical twins. DNA testing can take place in a variety of body samples such as saliva, blood, hair and the skin. The use of DNA testing makes it difficult and virtually impossible to make mistakes in a death penalty. With the advancement of criminal investigations, the judicial system has reduced the chances of errors in proving the innocence or guilt of individuals in criminal offences significantly. If chances of proving innocence or guilt of individuals are high and very reliable, then most of the criminal cases in the society become settled, and the guilty executed in a just and fair way. In that case, if an individual faces a death penalty then it is not the fault of the punishment but the trial itse lf. (Kelly et al., 2014).Adoption of the death penalty for criminal offences in a society shows it moral outrage at the offensive act. The value accorded to an individual by that of another in a corporation should be equally the same to him. A society with high moral values will condemn any act that violates the life of any of its members. What if an individual murders another, the best and most fair way of punishing that person is through execution. Execution of a guilty person in a crime is thus the best serving punishment that an ethical society should accord. The society stipulates that if an individual has murdered another, it is unethical for the society from which the two come from to let the murderer walk freely when having an innocent person lying dead. The death penalty may be appealing to many, but again it is essential to an ordered society. It makes the citizens of a country rely on legal procedures in solving problems.Arguments have risen against the death penalty as b eing a cruel way of punishment. They argue that any heinous crime must be punishable in agreement with the law, but subjecting a person to death is unconstitutional and illegal. Punishing a criminal by execution is a cruel form of punishment as it is inhuman. It is rational that a person has no right to take away another personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life even if he has committed a capital crime (Applegate et al., 2013). Human Rights Activists are also against the death penalty as it deprives a person the right to life. Right to life should be a guarantee to every person accordance to most of the state's constitution that guarantees each and every individual the right to life. They propose life imprisonment as being the best way in which an individual who has committed a capital crime should be sentenced of. It is argued that rehabilitation of the killers would change the chances of more killings and is more human and in fact executing a criminal is itself also a murder.Another argument about the death penalty is a more costly judicial process than lifetime imprisonment without any possibility of parole. Capital crimes tend to take longer periods for a verdict on who is guilty and the sentencing...

Propaganda And Its Consequences Of Animal Farm By George...

Propaganda and Its Consequences Propaganda is a form of communication, where a group tries to influence a larger population. It has many different effects on the people it sways, and all of these consequences serve a purpose. These goals can revolve around power and status. In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, the pigs use many different techniques of propaganda to help them achieve their ends. The animals affected by it experience both the positives and negatives of a revolution, as they try to achieve a perfect utopia. As the story progresses, Napoleon, an ambitious pig, uses propaganda to create a false sense of unity and prosperity among the farm. He and the other pigs also use propaganda to create a feeling of superiority between them and the rest of the animals. Napoleon’s cunning use of propaganda to reflect his power and maintain absolute dominance over Animal Farm shows that power and authority corrupt the mind and lead to the abuse of power. Unity is the harmony among a group of people and is often regarded as an important quality in a prosperous community. However this is not always the case. The pigs use many instances of propaganda to create a false sense of unity. In the first chapter, Old Major, the inventor of Animalism, shares a song portraying the result of the Revolution. â€Å"Beasts of England† depicts Old Major’s utopia. â€Å"Rings shall vanish from our noses / And the harness from our back / Bit and spur shall rust forever / Cruel whips no more shallShow MoreRelatedThe Necessary Intellect of Ordinary People1449 Words   |  6 Pageswhen under the power of a leader using propaganda. Propaganda is an opinionated advertisement used to control and appeal to peoples judgement and emotions, and gets them to do what they want (Stults). Not all persuasion is propaganda, and not all propaganda is bad (Stults). George Orwell writes Animal Farm as an allegorical fable associated with Lenin’s lea d over the revolution that established the Communist control of Russia. After the animals of Animal Farm are successful with the Rebellion againstRead MoreExamples Of Conflict In Animal Farm1319 Words   |  6 PagesComposers utilise techniques and compelling concepts to teach individuals powerful messages about conflict. The novella Animal Farm by George Orwell allegorically refers to the conflict of the Russian Revolution and demonstrates that the desire for power corrupts the human condition, leading to the deterioration of society. It also exhibits that the abuse of language is instrumental in manipulating the ignorant to gain power. Edward Zwick’s movie Glory provides an insight into the story behind aRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Animal Of Power 1129 Words   |  5 Pagesand dominance. George Orwell conveys his interpretation of greed by utilizing the aim and the purpose of a fable. A fable teaches a moral lesson to the world and usually uses characters th at speak and behave like humans. Early in George Orwell’s novella, an example of greed is provided when the pigs steal the apples and milk for themselves under the false simulation of it being for the merit of the farm â€Å"to preserve our [pigs] health† (Orwell 52). Squealer decieted the farm animals through the useRead MorePigs Gain Power with Propaganda in George Orwells Animal Farm1747 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience’s mind. Propaganda is a communication method which creates certain feelings and motivates specific actions (Stults). In George Orwells’ Animal Farm, the animals of the farm plan on living in peaceful equality after overthrowing their human leaders, but the intelligent, cunning pigs seize the farm’s defenseless leadership. Orwell wrote Animal Farm as an allegorical â€Å"fairy story† (â€Å"Preface† 6) resembling the Russian Revolt during the 1900’s. An important similarity between Animal Farm and the RussianRea d MoreLord Of The Flies And Animal Farm1639 Words   |  7 PagesIn both novels, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, and Animal Farm by George Orwell, the authors outline the creation of two distinct societies from the ground up. The characters of both books believe what they are doing is revolutionary, and unlike any civilization that preceded them. However, despite the groups’ isolation from the outside world, one can witness a pattern over the course of the stories’ development - the systems created, power dynamics, and rules that are used to govern, allRead MoreAnimal Farm Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm, a major turning point in the novel was when Napoleon used his secret police force, his dogs, to exile Snowball. Snowball had previously been trying to improve the animal’s lives for the future by building a windmill. After Snowball was exiled, Napoleon became leader and everything immediately went amiss. Orwell stated that: Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer- except, of course, for the pigsRead MoreAnimal Farm Corruption Essay930 Words   |  4 Pagestyrant. Such is the case in Animal Farm, a novel by George Orwell. Animal Farm focuses on the rebellion of the animals on Manor Farm, and their attempt at a socialism-esque society. The leaders of the farm, two pigs named Napoleon and Squealer, gradually change from fair authority figures to unethical dictators. Orwell’s critically acclaimed novel Animal Farm establishes a theme of how leaders can be corrupted by power through the characters of two pig dictators on the farm, and their former masterRead MoreEssay about George Orwells Attack of Social Institutions in Animal Farm1064 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwells Attack of Social Institutions in Animal Farm Animal Farm is a novel from the 1950s. It was written as a reaction to the major social and political changes occurring in Europe and throughout the world in the first half of the twentieth century. The greatest of these was communism, which was a revolutionary brand of socialism that had taken hold in Russia. Orwell agreed with the principles of Communism, which promoted equality and the removal of socialRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel Animal Farm by George Orwell and the film ‘Chocolat’ by Lasse Halstrom are representations of the composer’s context and reflect the social and political concerns of their era. Although reflections of vastly different contexts both texts encourage the responder to question the role and responsibility of society in relation to the individual. Regardless of nature of the institution there is the expectation that needs of the individual will be met and their autonomy and independence willRead MoreAnimal Farm And 1984, By George Orwell1936 Words   |  8 PagesOrwell depicted the non-utopia of the future and the perils it involves in one of the post powerful warnings ever issued against the dangers of a totalitarian society. George Orwell was a dystopian writer and wrote novels about the consequences of oppressive powers, such novels include Animal Farm and 1984. He wrote Animal Farm in 1944-1945 at the tail end of the WWII, his inspiration came from the revolutions in Russia, the result of that was the USSR, which divulged the country into a totalitarian

The Effects Of Global Warming On Humans - 1405 Words

Jose Richardson Geography 100 Enrique Lanz Oca The Effects of Global Warming Global warming is a dangerous issue that has been caused by the actions of human beings. The environment as a result, has changed for the worse. The effects of this situation that is currently happening is global, and can affect anyone regardless of their geographical location. The effects of global warming are enormous, and if people do not begin to do something in order to stop it, global warming could lead to the end of human kind. In this paper I plan to discuss the effects of global warming, as well as how humans have caused this phenomenon and contributed to it. Global warming is a worldwide disaster. It has affected and controlled human life for a while now. Nowadays almost every aspect is affected by the phenomenon that is global warming, from the air that we breathe to our supply of food and the animals in the wild. There are many things that we don’t quite understand about global warming. People s lack of knowledge and concern for conserving our natural resources will only make Global warming worse. The phenomenon that is global warming has disastrous consequences for everyone, regardless of geographical location and economic situation. One of the biggest and most talked about effects of global warming nowadays is the increase of temperature in our atmosphere. Studies show that there is a link between the increase in carbon dioxide levels andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Global Warming On Humans Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming has increased very rapidly over the last few years and it is having a huge impact on eart h. It is being cause by the greenhouse gases that are now in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases cause the planets surface to reach a really high temperature and this is when we are able to experience the effects of global warming. Some places have been more affected than others, the places that have had a really big impact have been the coasts. This is because the as global warming increasesRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On Human Population1458 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod of time compared to the total age of the earth, problems are no doubtable going to arise. From the demand of the ever rising human population on the earth, food accessibility, depletion of natural resources, and an increase in global warming affects all have detrimental consequences on our human population and our own earth that may not be reservable. As humans need space to live, and as cities expand, farm land is being taken over by subdivisions. Thus, where is the food coming from to feedRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Human Race1836 Words   |  8 PagesThe environment we inhabit is drastically changing due to the detrimental global warming and climate change, it is likely our Earth will become strenuous to live in. There are sufficient scientific studies that have shown how the negative effects of global warming can threaten the human race. It has shown that disasters will accumulate if we take no further actions to protect our Earth. Governments don’t make all the decisions in the society, but they make a lot of these structural decisions andRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On Human Activity885 Words   |  4 Pageswith respect to global warming. However, there continue to be diverse views regarding this phenomenon. Since the beginning of the industrial era the emissions of greenhouse gases have risen significantly. There has also been an increase in the surface temperature around the globe in the last three decades. The majority of the populatio n understands and accepts these facts. However, using these two facts as a foundation, people come to a variety of conclusions regarding the effects and the reasonsRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Human Activity2378 Words   |  10 PagesDebates about global warming have received much attention in the last few years. Opponents may say global warming is a natural cause however, the reality is global warming is occurring due to human activity. Global warming is best defined as a term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. Global warming does not only increase temperature it is also capable of decreasingRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On Human Activities979 Words   |  4 Pagesin 1977) that global warming is a reality and that human activities are making the biggest impact, many individuals and groups continue to d eny this reality and hinder the development of solutions for it. If no effective efforts are made, we will continue to see the increasingly destructive results of humanity underestimating its own impact and the fragility of the planet it so often takes for granted. For decades there have been efforts to raise awareness and understanding of human contributionRead MoreEffects Of Global Warming On Human Activity2070 Words   |  9 PagesStatement of the problem: Nowadays the climate of the Earth is changing rapidly due to the increase of greenhouse gases. 90% of this gases released in environment is due to the human activity by burning of fossil fuels. Due to the climate change the health sector is affected mainly children, adults and whole population. The climate change is danger to the health system, the increase in temperature is causing in heat waves that leads to less rainfall, rise in sea level and flood. Due to this the healthRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Human Race1874 Words   |  8 PagesChanges for the beyond The environment we inhabit is drastically changing due to the detrimental global warming and climate change, and it is likely our Earth will become strenuous to live in. There are sufficient scientific studies that have shown how the negative effects of global warming can threaten the human race. It has shown that disasters will accumulate if we take no further actions to protect our Earth. Governments don’t make all the decisions in society, but they make a lot of these structuralRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The Human Body1226 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal pollution will nevertheless become a bigger problem than just the melting of the arctic iceberg, or the nearby extinction of several species, but it will, in eventually in near future, result in the extinction of humanity in this planet. Global warming, a term that mean the Earth itself is becoming hotter and hotter. Mr. Bill McKibben, an American environmentalist and writer said in his report about global war ming,†We ve raised the temperature more than a degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degrees Celsius)Read MoreEffects Of Global Warming On The Human Body And Vigor1887 Words   |  8 Pages To commence, the effects of global warming to the human body and vigor are both indirect and direct. Through the warming of the earth, extreme meteorological conditions and patterns will ensue with more regularity; storms, inundations, heat waves, and droughts will proliferate and will affect human condition directly in such manner that destroys homes, contaminates water sources, and diminishes food resources. These events will consequently entail a high risk of disease and exposure to disease.

Broadcast Models For New Digital Media - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Broadcast Models For New Digital Media. Answer: Introduction The media industry has been undergoing the radical changes in last few decades. The commendable transformation in the digital media is creating positive impacts on the industrial growth. The studios and the content publishers are looking forward to adopt the distribution models for changing the viewing perceptions of the customers (Devlin and Brown-Devlin 2017). Especially digital media has fundamentally altered the function of media by reinventing the practice of public communication. At a particular time, people in general were very much dependent on the traditional media and its rhythmic flows. Viewers tended to wait for watching an event as per the broadcast schedule fixed by the traditional media industry (Asada and Ko 2016). However, the emergence of new media has rendered a radical change on the overall business of a particular media industry. This specific study has focused to make an in-depth analysis on how digital media technology has influenced the viewers consuming behav ior. The history of media industry ensures that media landscape is having a dynamic progress from the initial stage of its journey. New media has rendered immense positive effect on the overall consuming behavior of the viewers. The transformation of the sports media broadcasting has created the recognizable impacts on the consumers minds. In Australia, the advancements of technologies have helped in ensuring growth in this sports industry. Effect of digital media in consuming sports has become an argumentative issue that has been elaborated by numerous eminent scholars from different point of views. As per the opinion of Dimitrova et al. (2014), media can grab the attention of spectators. Large number of viewers intends to show their own reaction by taking part on the live sports event. On the other hand, the media personalities by capturing the reaction of live audiences can enhance the significance of that sports event. The emergence of digital media has left immense contribution in gathering the people of different geographical backgrounds and cultures for taking part in the same sports events. In order to evaluate various aspects of broadcast models for digital media consumptionthis specific study has focused to make a critical evaluation on different frameworks related to broadcast media. The popularity of sports mass media has been widely accepted in North American Society. People gave immense positive response i n watching sports event in the schedules fixed by electronic media industry (Tsiotsou, Alexandris and Bettina Cornwell 2014). Live broadcast on one hand provokes large number of live viewers. Viewers can introduce their presence in front of camera and show their point of view regarding the sports event. The movement of the consumers to the higher levels determines the innovativeness brought to the new media broadcasting. The advancements of the broadcasting technologies are much recognizable in Australia. It is notable that in order to secure the future sports media, Cricket Australia launched onto the Apple TV network. It became the first Australian sports organisation to associate with this platform. The new Cricket Australia channel would present the mixture of interviews excluding the live contents. However, there is the question arose based on maintaining the sports broadcasting rights. On the other hand, another mode of sports consumption implies the presence of broadcast viewers who can watch the event through television beyond taking part in the live show. Franklin (2014) stated that the emergence of digital media has created a rapid involvement for the spectators due to its additional flexible facilities as well as benefits. Viewers do not have to wait for the scheduled time in order to speculate the sport event. The emergence of digital media is flexible enough in drawing the attention of customers at any time. As a result, viewers can watch any event even by making pause of live shows. Discussion As per the concept of Hierarchy of Effects Theory advertisers in order to create attention of customers tend to focus on six major components including awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and purchase at the time of making the advertisement. In order to create a concrete awareness on the mind of consumers about the brands the advertisers tend to utilize the popularity of media platform. Guse et al. (2012) opined that sports event industry, in order to draw the attention of target group, focuses in utilizing media platforms. As a result, people belonging to different geographical and psychological backgrounds can focus on viewing the event. The involvement of two notions helps in identifying the two modes of sport consumption. The first is the use of media that creates much influence on the attendance of the spectators. Another notion determines the utilization of the media as a recreational substitute for the spectators attendance. However, as per the trend of curren t business industry sports organizers intend to use digital media platform for drawing the attention of viewers more effectively. On the other hand, people from different geographical backgrounds would be able to watch the event if it is broadcast in new media. The traditional method of media consumptions implies that there were the clear boundaries between the services that were linked to the specific infrastructures. It is notable the broadcasting programmes are generally distributed through terrestrial television, satellite or cable television to the consumers (H. Tsiotsou 2013). Automatically, the number of target audience would be increased. As per the current trend and psychology of customers, the market facilitators should give an in-depth knowledge and overview about the brands. Valenzuela (2013) opined that sports organizers in order to promote their shows to the people of different geographical boundaries intend to use the popularity of media vehicle with the help of which consumers of different geographical markets intend to show their interest. In order to build the liking on a specific product the market executives intend to promote the brand either by using traditional media or by using digital media. In case of sports broadcasting the organizers for drawing the attention of viewers intend to use digital media for introducing their agenda to the target market first (Boyd and Crawford 2012). As per the current trend of consumer behavior people tend to collect an in-depth overview about the products and services before using it. Like the same way, before taking part in the live shows the viewers intend to get an overall update about the sport from various media platform. Kahne, Lee and Feezell (2012) emphasized the emergence of digital media ensures to d raw the attention of different audiences even who are staying in the multinational countries. At the same time, the success of a business promotion is highly dependent on the preference level of customers. I order to create a particular preference level the sports organizers intend to create a USP of the event. Xu et al. (2014) opined that sports industries while broadcasting the show by using media platform tend to use cheer leaders who enhance the enthusiastic attitude of the viewers. Rendering cheer leaders within the sports is a part of business strategy for drawing the attention of customers. This specific study has focused to make an in-depth evaluation on how preference leaves a major impact on consumer behavior of sports industry. As commented by Croteau and Hoynes (2013), Conviction is the final stage where the doubt of customers regarding using the services is converted into action. With the help of excellence media presence, especially using digital media the customers can be convinced for being the part of sports events. It is necessary to ensure the sufficient amount of the audiences for fulfilling the economies of broadcasting (McCarthy et al. 2014). The sufficient amount of audience size can generate the adequate financial resources. Moreover, the audiences often share the considerable buzz in the media sector. The attractive and appealing set of programs is available in different channel. However, the advancements brought to the technological world have been influencing the motives of the spectators in consuming the digital technologies to watch sports events. Purchase is the final stage of Hierarchy of Effects Theory. The audience after going through media promotional activities shows their interest f or being the spectator of sport events. The consumption of the Sport Mass Media has the pervasive influence on the society of North America. It is notable that there is the clear linking between the attendance of the spectators and use of media during any sport events. In fact, it can be considered that the media requires developing idea about the most relevant way of organizing the sports events that would be impressive to the spectators. The involvement of two notions helps in identifying the two modes of sport consumption. The first is the use of media that creates much influence on the attendance of the spectators. Another notion determines the utilization of the media as a recreational substitute for the spectators attendance. It provides the alternate way of satisfying the desires of the spectators. As per the current trend of consumer behavior people tend to collect an in-depth overview about the products and services before using it. Like the same way, before taking part in the live shows the viewers intend to get an overall update about the sport from various media platform (Abeza, OReilly and Reid 2013). From a clear management perspective, it can be implied that media behaviour depends on the proper marketing and communication strategies for maintaining the attendance. Use of the escalator model provides the clear and conceptual ideas about the sports media and the behaviour of the spectators. The model describes the frequency of the spectators to be engaged during the sports events. The sports community requires identifying the significance of attracting new customers and retaining the old customers. The conceptual analysis of the escalator model is to pushing the old customers up to the escalators whereas bringing the new customers onto the current escalator. This concept deals with different segments, such as non-consumers, indirect consumers, light users, medium users, and heavy users. The non-consumers usually do not pay much attention about the products or the sports events in this particular scenario (Boyd and Crawford 2012). These consumers are generally termed as the aware consumers. The misinformed consumers often are unaware or misinformed about the specifications. Finally, the non-aware consumers are the people who might be interested a bout the events presented through the digital media. It is necessary to select one of these categories to bring more consumers to the scenario. It is notable the broadcasting programmes are generally distributed through terrestrial television, satellite or cable television to the consumers (H. Tsiotsou 2013). The consumers who are much interested in consuming the product through media fall under the group of indirect consumers. In case of the digital media content in the sports industry, these spectators are just watching the streams, but they do not pay for the entire contents. Bchi, Just and Latzer (2016) defined that the light users are just the subscribers who are just above the indirect consumers. The medium users have the more contribution in the eSports products in compare to the light users. Finally, the heavy users are much involved into the eSports and they are engaged widely in building the community. The use of the digital media in sports industry is widely focusing on t hese spectators. The movement of the consumers to the higher levels determines the innovativeness brought to the new media broadcasting. On the other hand, Croteau and Hoynes (2013) pointed out the notions of the positive relationship between the use of media and live attendance during any sports events. It is observed that cable television or home video do not create much influence on movie or theatre attendance. Many of the studies revealed that the negative relationship depends on the degree to which the media is used for the recreational substitute or deals with the live attendance. The conceptual ideas regarding the substitutability are related to the understanding method of the participations patterns (Guse et al. 2012). This linking is facilitated because of the interchanging process of the different leisure activities for meeting the needs of the participants. For instance, it is sometimes noted that the travel companies often select the alternate ways to satisfy the tourists. These companies even focus on substituting the home-based activities for the betterment of the vacation experiences. Similarly, in spec tator sports, the spectators can select the alternates between visiting the events and viewing the program at their homes. The report provides the knowledge about the spectators behaviour while watching television. It is notified that the spectators from England often perceive the negative attitude in watching movie. On the contrary, it is also notified that the satellite coverage of the English Soccer League often collaborates with the live attendance (Kahne, Lee and Feezell 2012). Even in Israel, the report shows that the use of television for watching sports and event spectatorships is declined. It is even argued that sometimes the sports fan receive the scope to select the alternate means of following any match. The media coverage often influences such behavior of these spectators. Some of the optional means of sports broadcast and entertainment programs like sports bars, live webcasts, and cable television provide the scope of digital consumption without being physically present. In fact, the apparent substitutions of the industry perceptions are also much visible. Media broadcasts are thus seen to create the negative impact on the attendance of the spectators. In terms of establishing the relationship between the media use and spectators attendance, it is noticed that the linking is much complex (Lim et al. 2015). The dual route framework (DRF) signifies the four different behavioural modes. Such of these modes are light consumptions, event-dominant consumptions, media-dominant consumptions, and heavy consumptions. The fluctuations in these behaviours provide the glimpse of the ongoing nature in involving with each route. It is quite important to mention that due to the vast advancements in the sports media industry in Australia, The Australian Sports Commission Media Awards recognized the appreciable excellence in the sports broadcasting and sports journalism. In the DRF framework, the four modes of behaviour are described. It is notable that each type of the behaviour holds the different significance and different media patterns based on the attendance of the spectators. According to Doyle et al. (2016), symbiotic notes provide the consistence level of consumptions on judging the attitudes of the spectators whether it is light or heavy. On the other hand, the substitution-based modes recognize the engagement of the fans in a particular behaviour whether the media or event influences it. It also identifies the biasness among the spectators in selecting the method of using the media. On the other hand, the behaviour of the spectators provides the knowledge about the contrasts with many other relatable factors. These factors help in determining the validity of the consumptions modes specified in this context. The escalator model suggests that the involvement of the fans increases with the attendance degree (Dwyer et al. 2015). The survey rep ort describes that the spectators are more likely attending the women basketball. The similar trend related to the engagement of the consumers provides the enriched ideas about the general consumptions of sports. It is stated that in spite of taking the different trajectories by the individuals, the involvement depends on the behaviour intensity. The spectators belong to the category of the heavy customers display their stronger level of interests towards sports. They usually sustain longer than the sustainable period of the light customers. Similarly, the media-dominant consumers are much involved in compare to the consumers who are less inclined to the media usage. In such cases, the consumptions are associated with the high level of involvement. In fact, it is noticeable that the desires and motives of the spectators sometimes differentiate the fans (Dimitrova et al. 2014). Many of the spectators desire for the social bonding, and appreciated skills of athleticism for their excitements. It distinguishes the level of consumptions and involvements. Some of the substitution apps in current time influence the minds of the spectators if their desires are satisfied. Accordingly, the event-domina nt and the media-dominant spectators share the similar types of motivational profile by attending the events or through media consumptions. On the contrary, the motivational desires can differ in judging the desires of the light and heavy customers. Some of the specific trends influence the spectators in a significant way. It is notable that storytelling process has been evolving the use of the digital media. Previously, the descriptions of the story through the radio and television signified the use of the traditional media. In current time, the use of the television programming is accompanied by necessary marketing experiments (Funk and Lock 2013). These experiments are not even complimenting the main screen experiences. The social media interaction and communication process provides the opportunities to the spectators to share their views. Therefore, the consumptions of the digital means are deliberately affected. The regular viewers sometimes gain knowledge about the upcoming consequences, be it in sports or in any other media. The emergence of the social media and the digitalization has transformed the spectators choices to attend the events or viewing the shows (Hindman 2017). The savvy-programmers often take the advantage of such dynamics and promote the use of digital medium. Controlling the te levisions introduces the new innovative techniques to cut through the clutter. The technologies used for the smart phone devices are providing the sports-related news to the spectators due to which they become reluctant in attending the events or watching the television. The content providers therefore require being involved with the process of content discovery optimization (Croteau and Hoynes 2013). The changes in the technological parameter are one of the most constant features in the media industries. Many of the organisations have undertaken the fruitful strategies for dealing with the growth and convergence of the internet use (Larkin, Fink and Trail 2015). The media businesses all over the world sometimes require struggling for identifying the different and innovative business models. The model is associated with the brands that pay to media companies for producing the product related contents. This practice is increasingly applied to the broadcast media of the sports. It is notable that sport is one of the most expensive media products, which is currently estimated almost US$28 billion. The cost includes the charges of dozens of the expert staffs, expensive broadcast equipment, high-priced commentators, and involvement of the new technologies (Kunkel, Doyle and Funk 2014). However, in current time, the declines in the sports media is much highlighted. In Australia, the bro adcasting rights have been the major component of generating sports revenues. The advancements brought to the sports media are much remarkable in Australia. The company, Optus has provided the means to the viewers to use their mobile phone and watch the match on a two minutes delay. However, the issue was raised in considering whether Optus has the right to sell the sports media contents online or not. The decisions received from Court of Federal suggested that watching online contents by using mobile devices should stay intact. Telstra, the famous internet network provider in Australia, gained the rights to show games on mobile phones. Currently, huge infallible attractions of sports are much vacillating. It is noticed in United States that the emergence of the live sport has not determined the reduction of the decreasing charges of the television subscribers. On the contrary, advertising rates of the sports events have been creating impacts on spectators minds. It is necessary for the sports organisations to arrange the host broadcast feed. The existing broadcasters usually utilize these feeds for taking control over more sports organisations (Lopez-Gonzalez and Griffiths 2016). The sponsored contents often face the fundamental conflicts with the journalism process. In general, it has been observed that the consumers usually do not watch the sports broadcasts for gathering the information. They generally use it for serving the purpose of the entertainment. Hence, it is essential to broadcast the sponsored models that may attract fewer backlashes in the sports media (Matrix 2014). However, it is still necessary to consider whether the broadcasters would continue the in publishing the content that are created by the sports organisations to create the buzz among the spectators. From last few decades, internet has become of one of the most challenging factors for the media and entertainment industry. Concentrating on the American tradition, it is noticeable that the people are quite inclined towards movies and entertainments. Therefore, they select the internet media to download the movies as per their preferences. Similarly, in case of sports, it has been observed that the smart phone devices have been permitting the people to access many of the live videos of sports. This behaviour of the spectators has been influencing the digital media consumptions. Netflix, and entertainment media has provided a different idea to change this myth. It is observed that logging into the entertainment media has become the weekly routine to the American people (Pierson and Bauwens 2015). However, the question is focusing on the fact whether the similar ideas can be poised to the sports media as well. It is presumed that the similar tradition can be brought to the sports medi a. The current layout is showing the enormous success of ESPN whereas on the other hand, Disney-owned network is losing above 10,000 subscribers on a daily basis. Many of the major cable companies have been facing the severe declines since the long-term consumers are not viable for these networks. Such competition is taking place due to the price fluctuations and generational shifts. Due to the shifts in the generations, the viewers usually lose interests in shelling out hundred dollars that they do not even want to watch. They even want to get the proper access to their favorite programs on different devices (Pritchard and Funk 2006). The flexibility available in the internet sites is attracting the people more significantly. Hence, the expectation level of the spectators has also increased drastically. It is observed that the social media has created the significant impact on increasing the expectations and customized experiences. In current times, the consumers or the spectators are much interested on surfing internet and subscribe to their favorite games, matches, or races (Schmid, Kexel and Djafarova 2016). The availability of the different apps and video channels has made this surfing easier to the spectators. Hence, the consumption behaviour has drastically transformed. It is notable that the sports sectors have been earning benefits from the media/sports complex. The investments from the sponsors are making this earning possible for the sports industry. It has been observed that selling the sports tickets has been the major source of gathering revenues for the sports media in the previous time. However, the emergence of the television sports has reduced the stadium attendance (Valenzuela 2013). Currently, people can get access to the sports channel from their living rooms. The live coverage of the sports events is demonstrated to increase the number of fans. On the other hand, the sponsorship dealing is also one of the most important sources for generating revenues for both the teams and the sports organisations. The sports teams and organisations thus have been relying on these sponsorships in a recognizable way. Such increasing involvement of the sponsors and media companies has been dictating the powerful position in the sports and media indus try (Taneja and Webster 2016). On the other side, the sports organisations are also receiving the considerable benefits from the broadcasters, media publicity, and live coverage of the sports events. In case of Australia, people are much fond of watching sports on Television. The media market has been experiencing the drastic transformation over the last 10 years. This transformation has brought the positive changes in sports media. Consumers have enormous option to select the sports contents. In the year of 2015, more than 127,000 hours of sports programming were broadcasted in Australia. It is even reported that more than 31 billion hours were spent in viewing sports. Currently, some of the sports media companies have been generating more revenues by selling sports contents by reserving the broadcast rights. These organisations have been determining the associated benefits, such as increasing number of the public exposure, lucrative sponsorships, high level of brand recognition, and merchandising licensing opportunities. This live coverage has been ensuring the credibility and profile in the marketplace that becomes much helpful for the advertisers to generate the supports from the audiences. It is necessary to ensure the sufficient amount of the audiences for fulfilling the economies of broadcasting. The sufficient amount of audience size can generate the adequate financial resources. Moreover, the audiences often share the considerable buzz in the media sector. The attractive and appealing set of programs is available in different channel (Pritchard 2014). However, the advancements brought to the technological world have been influencing the motives of the spectators in consuming the digital technologies to watch sports events. The interests of the stakeholders in the sports and media industry can be similar or differ to each other. It is essential for the commercial organisations and media organisations to generate revenues by selling the broadcasting rights (Wrynn 2014). However, the changing exp ectations of the consumers have affected the economic structure of the digital media industry. In twentieth century, the media industry has gone through the evolution. It changed the roles and attitudes of the stakeholders associated with the sports media. The traditional method of media consumptions implies that there were the clear boundaries between the services that were linked to the specific infrastructures. It is notable the broadcasting programmes are generally distributed through terrestrial television, satellite or cable television to the consumers (Xu et al. 2014). On the other side, the telecommunication network was distributed through telephonic methods. The emergence of digital media has left immense contribution in gathering the people of different geographical backgrounds and cultures for taking part in the same sports events. In order to evaluate various aspects of broadcast models for digital media consumptionthis specific study has focused to make a critical evalu ation on different frameworks related to broadcast media. The popularity of sports mass media has been widely accepted in North American Society. People gave immense positive response in watching sports event in the schedules fixed by electronic media industry. The emergence of digitalization blurred the clear boundaries whereas the broadcasting sectors have been using the similar infrastructure technologies. Smartphone devices are currently enabling the access to the uploaded sports content via different applications. The trends of accessing these applications through internet have been creating high impact on the spectators. It is necessary to select one of these categories to bring more consumers to the scenario. In case of sports broadcasting the organizers for drawing the attention of viewers intend to use digital media for introducing their agenda to the target market first (Boyd and Crawford 2012). As per the current trend of consumer behavior people tend to collect an in-depth overview about the products and services before using it. Like the same way, before taking part in the live shows the viewers intend to get an overall update about the sport from various media platform. Kahne, Lee and Feezell (2012) emphasized the emergence of digital media ensures to draw the attention of different audiences even who are staying in the multinational countries. Large number of viewers intend s to show their own reaction by taking part on the live sports event. On the other hand, the media personalities by capturing the reaction of live audiences can enhance the significance of that sports event. The emergence of digital media has left immense contribution in gathering the people of different geographical backgrounds and cultures for taking part in the same sports events (Pritchard 2014). The consumers who are much interested in consuming the product through media fall under the group of indirect consumers. In case of the digital media content in the sports industry, these spectators are just watching the streams, but they do not pay for the entire contents. Many of the supporters who use the smart phones or digital cameras during the matches and then uploading the entire content may lead to violations. These supporters violate the contracts agreed by the sports organisations (Pritchard and Kharouf 2016). The sports organisations ensure that apart from broadcasters, no one has the right to cover the entire sports events. It would be the matter of devaluing the exclusivity of the sports contents. As a result, it would cause the lower prices for the broadcasting rights. On the contrary, it is also noticed that some of the sports organisations even extracted benefits from the user-generated contents. There is the keen possibility in extracting the benefits from the user-contents in terms of reaching to the fans. The interests towards the sports gradually increased. It is necessary to note that the editing or the sports contents are not aligned with the legal consequences (Lopez-Gonzalez and Griffiths 2016). It is essential for the commercia l organisations and media organisations to generate revenues by selling the broadcasting rights. However, the changing expectations of the consumers have affected the economic structure of the digital media industry. In twentieth century, the media industry has gone through the evolution. It changed the roles and attitudes of the stakeholders associated with the sports media (Linaza, Moran and O'Connor 2013). The traditional method of media consumptions implies that there were the clear boundaries between the services that were linked to the specific infrastructures. Depending on such infrastructures, the risk of liability would be different to each of the sports organisations (Devlin and Brown-Devlin 2017). The emergence of digital media has left immense contribution in gathering the people of different geographical backgrounds and cultures for taking part in the same sports events. The revenues collected from the sports events have been significantly increasing in US and Europe. The broadcasting rights are against the free-TV sources and subscriptions. These price structures and generation shifts are quite recognizably creating impacts on the spectators in current time (Ha 2017). The emergence of the more advanced technologies and subscription methods has generated more amounts of revenues. However, the spectators choices of accessing the internet-based applications are affecting the broadcasting rights in a significant manner. The emergence of digital media has left immense contribution in gathering the people of different geographical backgrounds and cultures for taking part in the same sports events (Dwyer et al. 2013). In order to evaluate various aspects of broadcast models for digital media consumptionthis specific study has focused to make a critical evaluation on different frameworks related to broadcast media (Franklin 2014). The popularity of sports m ass media has been widely accepted in North American Society. People gave immense positive response in watching sports event in the schedules fixed by electronic media industry. Conclusion Digital media has fundamentally altered the function of media by reinventing the practice of public communication. At a particular time, people in general were very much dependent on the traditional media and its rhythmic flows. The study also concludes that the Australian sports industry is much depended on the broadcasting media to generate revenues. Accordingly, the emergence of the innovative technologies allows the viewers to watch the sports online by using their mobile devices. Viewers tend to wait for watching an event as per the broadcast schedule fixed by the traditional media industry. The popularity of sports mass media has been widely accepted in North American Society. People gave immense positive response in watching sports event in the schedules fixed by electronic media industry. Live broadcast on one hand provokes large number of live viewers. The concept of Hierarchy of Effects Theory advertisers for gathering the attention of customers that tend to focus on six ma jor components including awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and purchase. The conceptual analysis of the escalator model is to pushing the old customers up to the escalators whereas bringing the new customers onto the current escalator. This concept deals with different segments, such as non-consumers, indirect consumers, light users, medium users, and heavy users. The study also generates the in-depth knowledge about the effective advancements brought to the Australian sports media. With the help of broadcasting copyrights, Telstra received the opportunity to broadcast matches on mobile devices. The desires and motives of the spectators sometimes differentiate the fans. Many of the spectators desire for the social bonding, and appreciated skills of athleticism for their excitements. It distinguishes the level of consumptions and involvements. Some of the substitution apps in current time influence the minds of the spectators if their desires are satisfied. The ava ilability of the different apps and video channels has made this surfing easier to the spectators. Hence, the consumption behaviour has drastically transformed. References Abeza, G., OReilly, N. and Reid, I., 2013. Relationship marketing and social media in sport.International Journal of Sport Communication,6(2), pp.120-142. Asada, A. and Ko, Y.J., 2016. Determinants of word-of-mouth influence in sport viewership.Journal of Sport Management,30(2), pp.192-206. Boyd, D. and Crawford, K., 2012. Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon.Information, communication society,15(5), pp.662-679. Bchi, M., Just, N. and Latzer, M., 2016. Modeling the second-level digital divide: A five-country study of social differences in Internet use.new media society,18(11), pp.2703-2722. Croteau, D. and Hoynes, W., 2013.Media/society: Industries, images, and audiences. Sage Publications. Devlin, M.B. and Brown-Devlin, N., 2017. Using personality and team identity to predict sports media consumption.International Journal of Sport Communication,10(3), pp.371-392. Dimitrova, D.V., Shehata, A., Strmbck, J. and Nord, L.W., 2014. The effects of digital media on political knowledge and participation in election campaigns: Evidence from panel data.Communication Research,41(1), pp.95-118. Doyle, J.P., Filo, K., Lock, D., Funk, D.C. and McDonald, H., 2016. Exploring PERMA in spectator sport: Applying positive psychology to examine the individual-level benefits of sport consumption.Sport Management Review,19(5), pp.506-519. Dwyer, B., Drayer, J., Greenhalgh, G. and Lecrom, C.W., 2013. Substitute or complement? Fantasy football and NFL fandom.Marketing Management Journal,23(2), pp.71-85. Dwyer, B., Mudrick, M., Greenhalgh, G.P., LeCrom, C.W. and Drayer, J., 2015. The tie that blinds? Developing and validating a scale to measure emotional attachment to a sport team.Sport Management Review,18(4), pp.570-582. Franklin, B., 2014. The Future of Journalism: In an age of digital media and economic uncertainty. Funk, D.C. and Lock, D., 2013. Sport Consumer Attitudes.Leveraging Brands in Sport Business, p.37. Guse, K., Levine, D., Martins, S., Lira, A., Gaarde, J., Westmorland, W. and Gilliam, M., 2012. Interventions using new digital media to improve adolescent sexual health: a systematic review.Journal of Adolescent Health,51(6), pp.535-543. Tsiotsou, R., 2013. Sport team loyalty: integrating relationship marketing and a hierarchy of effects.Journal of Services Marketing,27(6), pp.458-471. Ha, L., 2017. Digital advertising clutter in an age of mobile media.Digital Advertising: Theory and Research, p.69. Hindman, M., 2017. 9 Journalism Ethics and Digital Audience Data.Remaking the News: Essays on the Future of Journalism Scholarship in the Digital Age, p.177. Kahne, J., Lee, N.J. and Feezell, J.T., 2012. Digital media literacy education and online civic and political participation.International Journal of Communication,6, p.24. Kunkel, T., Doyle, J.P. and Funk, D.C., 2014. Exploring sport brand development strategies to strengthen consumer involvement with the productThe case of the Australian A-League.Sport Management Review,17(4), pp.470-483. Larkin, B., Fink, J.S. and Trail, G.T., 2015. An examination of constraints and motivators as predictors of sport media consumption substitution intention.Sport Marketing Quarterly,24(3), p.183. Lim, J.S., Hwang, Y., Kim, S. and Biocca, F.A., 2015. How social media engagement leads to sports channel loyalty: Mediating roles of social presence and channel commitment.Computers in Human Behavior,46, pp.158-167. Linaza, M., Moran, K. and O'Connor, N.E., 2013. Traditional Sports and Games: A New Opportunity for Personalized Access to Cultural Heritage. InUMAP Workshops. Lopez-Gonzalez, H. and Griffiths, M.D., 2016. Understanding the convergence of markets in online sports betting.International Review for the Sociology of Sport, p.1012690216680602. Lopez-Gonzalez, H. and Griffiths, M.D., 2016. Understanding the convergence of online sports betting markets.International Review for the Sociology of Sport. Matrix, S., 2014. The Netflix effect: Teens, binge watching, and on-demand digital media trends.Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures,6(1), pp.119-138. McCarthy, J., Rowley, J., Jane Ashworth, C. and Pioch, E., 2014. Managing brand presence through social media: the case of UK football clubs.Internet Research,24(2), pp.181-204. Pierson, J. and Bauwens, J., 2015.Digital Broadcasting: An Introduction to New Media. Bloomsbury Publishing. Pritchard, A. and Kharouf, H., 2016. Leisure consumption in cricket: devising a model to contrast forms and time preferences.Leisure Studies,35(4), pp.438-453. Pritchard, M.P. and Funk, D.C., 2006. Symbiosis and substitution in spectator sport.Journal of Sport Management,20(3), pp.299-321. Pritchard, M.P., 2014. Building loyal consumers in sport business.Leveraging brands in sport business, pp.123-141. Schmid, B., Kexel, C. and Djafarova, E., 2016. Multidimensional Sports Spectators Segmentation and Social Media Marketing.World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering,10(8), pp.2657-2660. Taneja, H. and Webster, J.G., 2016. How do global audiences take shape? The role of institutions and culture in patterns of web use.Journal of Communication,66(1), pp.161-182. Tsiotsou, R.H., Alexandris, K. and Bettina Cornwell, T., 2014. Using evaluative conditioning to explain corporate co-branding in the context of sport sponsorship.International Journal of Advertising,33(2), pp.295-327. Valenzuela, S., 2013. Unpacking the use of social media for protest behavior: The roles of information, opinion expression, and activism.American Behavioral Scientist,57(7), pp.920-942. Wrynn, A.M., 2014. Sport History: We're More Than Just the Back in Back to the Future.Kinesiology Review,3(1), pp.71-79. Xu, J., Forman, C., Kim, J.B. and Van Ittersum, K., 2014. News media channels: Complements or substitutes? Evidence from mobile phone usage.Journal of Marketing,78(4), pp.97-112.